Wedding Dresses

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The word cupboard was first used to designate the board on which cups were set. In Belshazzar's feast in the Bible Historiale an enclosed Linenfold cupboard is figured, where the cupboard cloth is shown hanging down on either side, and upon which flagons and plates are set. In the houses of the wealthy, it was a structure with many steps or shelves [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] upon which plate was displayed. The splendor and number of shelves or stages was answerable to the dignity of the owner, to judge from the description of royal festivities. At the wedding of Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII., with Katherine of [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Aragon, a triangular cupboard five stages high was set with plate at Westminster Hall, and Hall records that at the coronation of Anne Boleyn there was at Westminster Hall a great cupboard of ten [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] stages high, which was "filled with gold plate most marvelous to behold." These cupboards stood in a conspicuous place, as in the recess formed by the bay window in the hall. In Holbein's sketch of the 'More Family' a cupboard with plate displayed is shown, which has a projecting crested canopy reaching to the ceiling.
There are a certain number of hutch-like structures dating from the late fifteenth century, such as the example which stands in front of the screen at Ockwells. Entirely distinct from the imposing staged cupboards, they are supported on tall quadrangular legs, and differ only from the hutch in having an over sailing top, which can be extended at each end, and is supported by brackets. In the example at Ockwells the centre door and flanking panels are carved with linenfold ornament. A second buffet in the same collection, opening in front with a central door and supported by baluster-shaped scaled legs, gains additional height from its platform. The front is divided into three panels bordered with wide and well-defined reed mouldings; the cornice is carved with upright leaves, while the double-twist roping round the lower rail, the beautiful perforated ornament of the two depressed arches (which are divided by a pendant), the leaf ornament within the triangular compartments decorating the styles are characteristically Gothic. This remarkable buffet dates from the first quarter of the sixteenth century.
Cupboards are inventoried in many rooms besides the hall, where the favourite position was the bay window. A number must have been in use in the hall of large households, since cupboards were not only required for plate and earthenware, but for the glasses and cups, which it was customary to set not on the board but on the cupboard. Each one called "for a cup of such drink as him listeth to have, so that when he hath tasted it, he delivered the cup again to some one of the standers by, who, making it clean again by pouring out the drink that remained, restored it to the cupboard from whence he fetched the same." From the second part of the sixteenth century two main types of standing furniture for the dining-room were evolved, firstly, a buffet open on all sides, with carved front supports ; and secondly, an enclosed cupboard with doors. In the first or dinner wagon type, the back supports are plainly treated, and were doubtless hidden by silver [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] vessels and plate. The platform is plain, and was originally covered [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] by a carpet, which accompanies the cupboard in inventories. There are fine examples of this type in Eastgate House, Rochester, and in the hall of Christ Church, Oxford, and also at Ockwells. In the latter example, which is of walnut, the second and third tier is supported by cup and cover bulbous supports; the top affords room for a drawer, which is inlaid with a geometrical pattern, while the central platform allows a deep drawer, which is richly carved; while the bottom rail is inlaid with two rows of chequer work. In the well-preserved example, which came originally from a royal hunting lodge, the supports are the Tudor royal supporters, the lion and dragon. A standing cupboard dating from about 1530 is a plain, well-finished piece, entirely unornamented but for the carved busts in high relief, cut almost entirely from the solid, which have the appearance of portraits. On the central door between the two heads is, also in high relief, a tune or barrel, upon which is carved a flower, and the initials A. W., a rebus to which there is no clue. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
The type of the enclosed cupboard most usually met with in the late sixteenth century is in two stages. The upper stage, which is recessed, and has a ledge upon which cups or plate could be displayed, is often semi-hexagonal in plan, and the roof is supported by detached bulbous supports or balusters at each end, forming a canopy. In some late examples pendants take the place of the bulbous forms and balusters. These two types were in use in the hall and dining parlor. In the second half of the seventeenth century a number of enclosed cupboards of great- width, carved with shallow stock patterns, were made, many of which are dated. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
Intermediate between the open buffet and the enclosed cupboard is the type in which the upper stage alone is enclosed, as in the example from the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The upper stage, which is three-sided, has a central inlaid door; the inlaid frieze is interrupted by carved corbels and supported by large cup and cover supports, while the lower stage, in which the frieze forms a drawer, is open.
The most usual term for cupboards from about 1586 onwards is [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] court cupboards, which were structures garnished with plate, " planted " (as Chapman writes) " with flagons, cans, cups, beakers, bowls, goblets, basins, and ewers," and covered with a cupboard cloth. According to Fuller, glasses succeeded both for use and ornament "when plate, the principal, is otherwise disposed of." The evidence as to whether the term covers the "dinner-wagon" structure, the partly or wholly enclosed cupboard, or a structure distinct from either, is well set out in Lyon's Colonial Furniture in New England. A recently printed inventory of bedding ton in the time of Sir Francis Carew (1596) includes, however, a court cupboard with two drawers and locks to them."
In old inventories the term "livery" is frequently used for that cupboard in which the household would put away "every one of them for his livery at night, half a Chet loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale, and for winter livery . . . one percher candle or candle wax." In great houses, the livery was "said to be served up for all night, that is, their nights allowance for drink." From a reference in the contract made by Sir Thomas Kitson [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] of Hengrave, it appears that the livery cupboards were to be made without doors, indeed the contract so defines them, but other references indicate that some livery cupboards were enclosed as [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] they possess locks and keys and drawers or ambries.
Certain food cupboards, too, are enclosed, and are distinguished by window-like openings or perforations in the doors, the fixed front, or the ends, to give ventilation to the stored victuals. Hanging or standing food cupboards, their fronts either pierced with holes, forming [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] a diaper pattern, or having turned bars or balusters to allow of ventilation, are scarce, and there are still fewer survivals of dole or bread cupboards in churches. In the south transept of St Albans Abbey church are three such cupboards, of which the finest dates from the reign of Charles I. In the Church of All Saints, Hereford, the open dole-shelves, which are dated 1683, are surmounted by pinnacles and a strap work cresting. The dresser, a provincial development of the cupboard, was formerly found in every kitchen and farmhouse from the second half of the seventeenth century. It is furnished with drawers and supported [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] by turned legs; the tall back, resting against the wall, is provided with a superstructure with shelves for the household pewter or earthenware.
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